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historic vessels on Lake Titicaca : The Yavari and Coya, examples of restoration. 100 Items

Photo: Jaime Leon

In 1861, the government of President Ramón Castilla shipyards commissioned two British boats to Lake Titicaca. These were the Yavari and Yapura, who arrived at the port of Arica in 1862.

From there, they traveled to Tacna 2.766 parts by rail and from there to Puno, on the backs of beasts. Travel quite a feat. After overcome several obstacles, the British engineers and local workers, the Yavari rebuilt gradually. Its launching was only on December 25, 1870 at 3 pm. The Yapura (renamed years later by the Navy as BAP "Puno") followed in 1873.

After 100 years of faithful service, the Yavari was discharged. Having been rescued in 1987, began a restoration process that included the recovery, restoration and placement in their respective place of most of the original parts (like wheel spokes, telegraph control, hood, etc.). Once painted the iron hull according to the original colors of the ship and equipped for entertaining on board, the oldest iron boat of America opened its doors as the First Ship Museum in Peru reported at the National Institute of Culture in 1998.

interesting data point refer to the restoration of Bolinder engine. This Swedish-built engine, installed in 1914, was decommissioned in its entirety. The crankshaft and other parts were ingeniously repaired and the engine was completely restored. Thus the Yavari set sail for sea trials after 40 years of immobility. The engine is currently the largest and oldest of its kind in operation in the world.

The crew of the MV "Yavari" was responsible for the repair of the boiler (made in Sweden), steam winch bed only shipyard in Puno (acquired by PeruRail). These pieces, made in the nineteenth century, are wonderful relics of mechanical engineering. Once on the ground is sand the hull and then proceeded to inspect, as well as propulsion and steering systems. On January 27, 2001 was launched successfully at the restored lake "Yavari".

Photo: Cecilia Larrabure

ship currently operates as a museum ship welcomes visitors of various nationalities. The donations left by these people contribute to the maintenance of the boat and make it possible for Yavarí look under optimal conditions of presentation.

Vapor Coya late nineteenth century

For its part, the history of steam "Coya" began in 1892 when the Peruvian Corporation directs the manufacture in Scotland, for freight and passenger service on Lake Titicaca, as the Yavari and Yapura were insufficient for the flourishing trade that developed in the Titicaca basin.

Thousands of parts were shipped to the port of Mollendo in the English ship "Gulf of Florida." Puno was reconstituted under the supervision of English engineer John Wilson and released on March 4 of 1893 with a grand party held at the level of Puno as throughout Peru.

The "Coya" continued working until 1986, first to the Peruvian Corporation and then for the railway company in Peru. After sailing for nearly a century, and after the big rise in water level of Lake Titicaca as a result of heavy rains in 1986, the ship was sadly abandoned in the yard Huajje (Puno). Their future looked darker every day, every day unscrupulous people were disarmed the treasure piece by piece and wanted more opportunities to sell as scrap metal for one or the other cast.

In October 2001 sold Coya in Lima, as a mere scrap to be cut and sent to the foundry. Fortunately, the businessman Don Juan Barriga Arequipa, loving their country and sensitive to their cultural heritage and history, learning of the presence of workers ready to begin the dismantling of the ship traveled to Puno on the same day and, without hesitation, bought what few still considered a treasure.

The Coya Huajje abandoned, Puno, before restoration.

More than a year of hard work with a team of workers from all specialties restructured, rebuilt, readornó, restored, refurbished and its old building to make this ship forgotten all the new jewel of the lake landscape. Although the steam is not available for navigation, its restoration has served to restore its original excellence and reuse it as a restaurant now located way to the Libertador hotel.

For more information, visit:

Yavarí: http://proyectoyavari.perucultural.org.pe/presen.htm

Coya : http://www.titicaca-peru.com/iembarcae.ht m

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operation of nuclear reactors

A nuclear power plant is a facility which is used to generate electricity, which is characterized by the use of fissile material in nuclear reactions provide heat. These plants consist of one or more reactors are containers called pots. The plants consist mainly of four parts:
1_ The nuclear reactor, which produces the nuclear reaction.
2_ The steam generator (only PWR plants).
3_ The turbine, which drives an electric generator to produce electricity from the steam expansion.
4_ The condenser, a heat exchanger that cools the vapor back into liquid transforming.



Despite the fact that one of the first things that happens in the case of a cooling failure is the mass production of hydrogen fuel rods exposed in the core, the engineers provided no system for the removal of hydrogen gas in the containment buildings. This has resulted in three of the buildings in Fukushima Daiichi nuclear generator had exploded with tremendous force, with the bombing of the roof and walls of structures and damage control equipment necessary to control the reactors.

operation of nuclear reactors.


In case of accident, storage and use of renewable energy, pollute and cause deaths. But there is a big difference to nuclear energy not only causes early deaths because of radioactive material will be releasing in the radiation environment detrimental to health for centuries, and who do not know that the media may be deleted.

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Industrial Heritage in Spain

Vice President and Minister of Culture and Sport of the Community of Madrid, and the President of the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH-Spain) are pleased to invite all stakeholders to participate in the inauguration, at its first venue, the exhibition 100 Elements of Industrial Heritage in Spain to be held on March 22, Tuesday, at 11.30 am , the Goya Room of the Royal Tapestry Factory. Senior

CRS reports: info@ticcih.es

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The universe has always existed

The universe has always existed.
man through history has been fascinating to observe the wonders of the universe in its various operations. Not surprisingly the great interest among humans to get to know what kind of Intelligent Designer behind such a wonderful building.

At all times man has tried to find explanations about how the universe emerged, why it is structured as we see with constant laws of operation. But while many find it difficult admit, the man is still very limited knowledge to understand its operation on any of its parts.



solar system as a standard of operation.
note that the Earth with the Moon and other planets are in motion, in addition to pivot move in orbits around a central point of the solar system. In the orbit closest to the star center situaos solar, and the following external orbits the Sun moving the other planets. In turn, the solar system moves with other stars in orbit around our galaxy, etc ...



Appreciating the dimensions of the universe.
already spend the time that it was not known if our galaxy was the edge of the universe. Today visitors can see how the universe is organized in structures, which eventually form part of galaxies and star systems like our solar system.

Astronomers realized that we live in a galaxy that is observed with spiral movement, in which the solar system is located in one arm of the spiral. Our Galaxy appears to be part of a local cluster that includes the Magellanic Clouds, the Andromeda Galaxy and 3 small satellite galaxies, near the same, plus some other small galaxies, for an approximate total of 19 sets. Our galaxy is part of a group of galaxies that form a cluster with other clusters that form what is called a supercluster.

The dimensions of the universe are exaggerating.
Humans have the tendency to feel superior to everything around us, so once we realize that something beyond us in size and intelligence, then we tend to do so sublime.

scattering attenuation.
Actually we are inside our galaxy, surrounded by different star systems that reflect large amounts of energetic radiation (electromagnetic waves), and everything we observe in the distance is through the holes that leave the galactic systems.

Since everything we perceive in the distance is through the spread of different kinds of electromagnetic waves when we observe the universe across vast distances, we are limited due to the attenuation of the waves .

If we stick to the known laws to study how the waves propagate, we must apply the process of scattering attenuation. The results we have tells us that we can only observe the signals coming from lower distance to multiply the radius of our galaxy for a hundred times. Re distance still further reduced taking into account other factors of wave attenuation, such as radiation energy of the stars and the so-called stardust.

Data center light 225 million years

our Milky Way galaxy
diameter of the galaxy	90,000 light-years
central Boom length	25,000 light-years
Distance from the Sun to	26,000 light-years
Thickness of the Galaxy at the Sun	2,000-light years
Rotation Period of the Sun around the Galaxia_

means that the parallax method is applicable to the Magellanic Clouds (LMC), estimated at a distance of 160,000 light years from our Milky Way, comprising about 14,000 light-years. It is one of the galaxies forming the Local Group that surrounds the Milky Way. Because of its distance from us helps us get a rough idea of \u200b\u200bhow are the other more distant.



The orbit of the stars follow laws related.
The main ideas about the motion of bodies in the universe goes back to Galileo. Newton later continued investigating how the orbit of the stars in the universe was governed by a set of established laws that are related to each other, which could explain math smart. Among these were the laws governing gravity or gravity.

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Can you change the Earth's magnetic field?

Can you change the Earth's magnetic field?
NEWS: Scientists reveal evidence of an instant investment of the magnetic poles. A strange phenomenon is proof that the Earth's magnetic field can suddenly go crazy.
COMMENT: The first evidence of a reversal in the magnetic poles came in 1995 when some old well-preserved lava flows were found in the Steens Mountains in Oregon, USA Research on the rocks by a team of geologists from Occidental College in Los Angeles, revealed that the lava had an unusual magnetic pattern. These patterns are retained within the magnetic crystals in the lava, formed when it cooled, as if it were a tiny compass needles frozen in time. This finding led
very controversial and many scientists questioned the hypothesis (reversed magnetic field) for being too extravagant.
[A magnet is formed when the cooling was crystallized under the influence of a magnetic field. By the way, if you do the pole opposite to the magnetic influence to which it is submitted].

With climate change, will alter the flow of energy, by moving the reflection of the aurora borealis.
Comment: the north magnetic pole shift would be the natural manifestation of an oscillation phenomenon whose only significant result would be that the northern lights could be seen best from the south of Siberia and Europe from northern Canada and Alaska, as at present. The northern lights are formed in the uppermost layer of the atmosphere, between 70 and 150 km height from the ground.
solar activity produces reflections in space, as large amounts of ultraviolet and X-ray and energy flows. When the excited particles in the magnetosphere collide with oxygen and nitrogen, they may also plunge into Earth's upper atmosphere. These collisions, which usually occur between 40 and 200 miles above the earth, causing the hydrogen and oxygen is electrically excited and emit light. The result is a dazzling dance of green, blue, red and white known as the aurora borealis and aurora australis (northern lights and southern).
Auroras can appear as thin curtains of colored lights that are bristling at the night sky, or as blinking and diffuse bands. These are visible evidence that an electrical event is happening around the Earth in space.

the earth's magnetic fields.
the sixteenth century the man sensed that the Earth behaves like a giant magnet. Since then, many more were applied to the study of terrestrial magnetism. The existence the Earth's magnetic field is known since ancient times for their applications to the navigation of the compass. In 1600, English physicist at the court of Elizabeth I, William Gilbert, published a work entitled De Magnete, considered the first treatise on magnetism. Gilbert carved a ball-shaped magnet and studied the magnetic field distribution on its surface. Found that the inclination of the field in spherical magnet coincided with what was known about the distribution of Earth's field. This experiment concluded that the Earth was a gigantic spherical magnet.

Earth behaves like a magnet.
The surface magnetic field is detected because when one magnet (compass) is suspended horizontally adopts a position that their ends point roughly toward the geographic north and south poles of the axis of rotation of the Earth. The angle of deviation is called declination. The value of Earth's magnetic field is also characterized by its intensity. The intensity of a magnetic field is measured in gauss. Earth's magnetic field is quite weak, of about 0.3 gauss in the vicinity of Ecuador and 0.7 gauss in the polar regions.

A giant magnet located on the ground.
It appears, that the Earth as natural magnet cooling is the result when some materials were crystallized under the magnetic influence. Indeed, the Earth contains deposits of iron ore, nickel and highly magnetic substances such magentita. We conclude that in fact the Earth is a permanent magnet, which maintains a stable magnetic field, which interacts with magnetic fields Sun and other planets, so it is very difficult to measure accurately.

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Video: Bicentennial in Colombia

Once or twice a week I get to read American newspapers. On this occasion, by chance, I found a video that made me interesting for all the thoughts that might arise from it. The music, the message, the characters that appear (the same Mockus Juan Manuel Santos, the Colombian artist famous and the average), how it is structured, etc., account for the way they tried to present the celebration of 200 years of independence from Colombia, with a positive spirit, inclusive, happy. When you view the video thought it was some similarities with Mexico's efforts to celebrate our bicentennial, the phrases that we had to swallow for months, the music cheesy, empty slogans, the "You are Mexico" and others. However, at bottom left to notice some light on the voice of all Colombians in the video. Hear just how to start the first comment, talking about how despite the violence, Colombians have managed to reverse the situation. And I felt like they were saying was more real and honest than our actors Mexican politicians and tired of saying for some months. And here I stop for a second. Really there was an attempt to place a public discourse on our bicentennial beyond "efforts" of the federal government? And I replied to botepronto no, or at least I have not clear. That one thing was excessive spending, parades and popular entertainment and media, which no doubt was there, and quite another joint reflection on what we as a country, the whole discourse fly a real national unity, ETC. things that I have a strong presence.

Pity. I know this leaves a maudlin videito conducted by The Time, which belongs to one of the largest media groups, perhaps the most important in Colombia, designed precisely to "touch the heart" of people without providing any analysis or proposal or anything like that, and therefore the video by itself could not or should not be indicative of anything. But sometimes it is difficult to combat impressions, and I'm left with: that here we miss even the possibility of showing a "video" as well, with plural voices, hopes and desires shared future. Let alone have tried to raise a public speech that really motivate reflection, criticism and be translated into actions, agreements or laws. Anyway.

I feel that they could write lots more from this videito: an entire academic lecture, a semiotic analysis, a comparative discussion between the national spirit of Mexico and Colombia, and many others. I will not now, but I leave the visual document if you would like to take a look and leave a comment.

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fluid

magnetic magnetite.
Since antiquity I knew a black rock that appealed to iron, which they called magnetite or lodestone. It was noted that magentita hanging a piece of thin thread, the rock always positioned their magnetic poles pointing to the north and south poles of the Earth. This phenomenon was used for the operation of the compass.

fluid energetic particles in space.
The magnetic performance is related to the flow of energetic particles space where material objects are immersed, since matter is composed mainly of gaps. Operation

magnetic. Among
natural magnets is magnetite, formed by natural mineral crystallized. Crystalline molecular structure gives the necessary rigidity to maintain their atoms oriented in the same direction, forming parallel linear circuits. In these circuits are produced drafts of energetic particles, with the result of generating magnetic fields that are found mainly outside the poles.

Process particles align and temporarily magnetized. elements, iron, nickel and cobalt have a molecular structure similar to magnetite, but the molecules to be less rigid let you quickly change the orientation of their atoms. Usually oriented small domains called closed circuit with no external magnetic effect.

When we want to temporarily magnetize a piece of iron, what we do is change the orientation of their atoms, for this approach iron to a magnet such as magnetite, which modifies their energy turns small iron closed domains, forming new domains along parallel axes, in formations similar to magnetite. As a result, the piece of iron behaves like a temporary magnet. When removing the induction exerted by the spinning of the fluid, the metal atoms are disordered in a short time and stops behaving like a magnet.

The induced magnetism is usually temporary, when it ceases the armature domains gradually return to their previous state of internal closed circuits. If some domains remain aligned, it is said that the material remains magnetized. The ability to retain magnetism is called retentivity.

The magnet shows its effects.
magnetic field is called asset to the area where the magnet manifests its effects, one example is when you place a card with iron filings over a magnet, slowly move the card, there will be some filings that will be guided by the magnet and others not, the area that guides filings where the magnet is showing its effects.

electromagnetic fields.
addition to finding active magnetic fields in some materials and there are also artificial magnetic fields generated by electrical induction (electromagnetism). For example, when between the ends of copper wire there is a potential difference that sends an electric current. A more common as many copper atoms are oriented in the same direction, increasing the rotation of energetic particles as a result also increases the intensity of the magnetic field. Explanation

magnetism.
When a magnet is divided into pieces, each resulting piece continues to be a complete magnet with two magnetic poles. Finally we come to molecules where the atoms are aligned in one direction, forming parallel circuits rotating energetic particles in space.

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energetic particles space-related science theories

The science related to the theories. Articles
popular science is presented to science as having personality. When in fact consists of the accumulation of a body of knowledge developed by scientists imperfect, with limitations so large that they must rely on theories in their attempt to understand and explain the various parts and functions of the universe. No wonder that the ways of understanding the knowledge of science are continually changing.

scientists, in order to correctly describe the observed details and results, trying to figure out models (called theories) that are used as benchmarks on observations and findings. Theories are intended to assist in developing a scientific working hypothesis of some of the different parts of the universe.

is understood as a good theory, that in when compared to the model pictured to the process under study adequately describes a set of similarities, being able to predict future observations will result. One theory remains incomplete and provisional until the results are confirmed. Meanwhile, it remains a working hypothesis has not yet been proven.

Whenever it is found that the model is in agreement with the predictions, our confidence in theory increase. But if the findings made are inconsistent or contradict the theory, we must leave and find a new model that most closely matches the outcomes studied.

An example of a acceptable theory (still incomplete), is the theory of Newton's gravity is based on a practical application model, in which bodies attract each other with a force proportional to a quantity called the mass, and inversely proportional to the square the distance that separates them. Given its mass, was able to predict mathematically (with some approximation) the movements and distances from the lunar orbit and the orbits that the planets follow around the Sun

also an example of a theory that is proving totally inadequate. The popular theory of evolution, whose predictions never met. The theory of evolution is based on a model that contradicts the law observed, proven, established and documented reproduction.

Some hard evidence.
The theory of evolution predicted that over time would show fossils appear Midwayer findings in the evolution of species. It was understood that living things reproduce arbitrarily. Also predicted that through genetic manipulation could change gender and develop other species.

However, after countless attempts to genetically manipulate species, we that each species reproduces after its kind, and there should be some genetic alteration, the result is hybrid, with no possibility of offspring. In an attempt to provide support without finding evidence has been presented an immense record of fraud and deceit.

Could not find a single prediction that demonstrates that living longer to reproduce after their kind. Nor that living things can reproduce arbitrarily. No way evolution has made it possible for a genre it created another, each reproduced 'after their kind'. Never in history, not as an exception, that is the case of a living species is changed to another and continues to play a different genre.

fruit flies. In
manipulations were carried out with fruit flies, demonstrated that all the mutations were defective, and finally (though damaged) all remained fruit flies.



About the reproduction of the species.
Since ancient times, many people already knew this simple biblical statement about the reproduction of the species according to their kinds. (Gen. 1: 11, 12, 21, 24, 25). 'Let the earth grass vegetation seed fruit trees bearing fruit after their kinds, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth. " And it came to be. And the earth began to grow grass, vegetation bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their gender.

created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, which the waters swarmed according to their kinds, and every winged creature after his kind volatile.

'Let the earth bring forth living souls according to their kinds, domestic animal and moving animal and wild beast of the earth after his kind. " And it came to be. And he proceeded to make the wild beast of the earth after its kind and the pet according to its kind and every moving animal of the ground after its kind.

conclude:
When we say that a scientific theory fails, it really is failing or hypothesis is a proposal made by scientists working imperfect. Which shows how limited is the knowledge that science has developed by man, about the laws and functions of the universe, in its many scales and variations.

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The new form of 'faith' scientific

The new form of 'faith' scientific.
In our times, many of the publishers of scientific articles is the tendency to promote a new form of 'faith', also called 'scientific faith. "

The new form of 'faith' science is a kind of 'faith' that his followers see Quantum Matter, atoms, molecules, black holes, the expansion of the universe and may even glance at the Big explosion Bang.
Of course, nobody has ever seen the things mentioned, and yet say that we accept as true things that assure us that there is evidence that they exist.

Looking good theme, we realize that we all have some variant of 'faith'. Just make the experiment of dispensing with the 'faith', or not to believe in absolutely nothing, nor in things that others tell us, or quantum matter, or atoms, or energy that does not see glance ...

Why does the human being in search?
Throughout history, human beings endowed with intelligence continues in the pursuit of knowledge. Is there something innate, genetic, embedded in human nature that leads to this quest? Is it a call of a desire made by someone? Will we have built into our being the likeness of who we projected?.
When we get to perceive or discern some how the universe works even through the intellectus, we were absolutely thrilled and amazed.

Winds of change in the existence of a Designer. There
widely believed: that the more science specialists know more they deviate from the belief in a Designer. But although a number disparages religious faith, there are many researchers who are deeply impressed by the various ways in which nature expresses design. Some of them even go further and raise questions about the design itself.

Many scientists confess that support the existence of a Designer as nature reveals a design that requires an intelligent designer. Ensure that the biological world is full of evidence of planning, which show almost absolute certainty, the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.



If indeed there do you know any?.
Among the great scholars and scientists who publicly signed the idea of \u200b\u200b"intelligent designer" are Phillip E. Johnson, professor of law at the University of California (Berkeley), Michael J. Behe, a biochemist and author of Darwin's Black Box. The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution; William A. Dembski, a mathematician; Alvin Plantinga, a specialist in Philosophy of Logic, John Polkinghorne and Freeman Dyson, physical, Allan Sandage, an astronomer, and many more not mentioned that are beyond this summary.

The tendency to follow the fashion of scientific faith, makes the publishers of scientific articles, ask us to accept them as real things, because we ensure that there is evidence that they exist. Insist on wanting us to believe that the proven science is against intelligent design, design that is manifest in all the wonderful universe visible, giving evidence that behind everything we observe is a designer that uses smart mathematics.

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When lightning strikes an airplane

When lightning strikes on aircraft.
The lightning striking an airplane is not something exceptional, since it is estimated that all aircraft are victims of lightning every 1,000 flight hours.
All aircraft are prepared for that if you receive rays, they affect only the surface of it, ie the outside, while moving the beam to the tail where it is unloaded.

aircraft, resembling a metal case "hollow" and therefore affected by an electric Meteor (such as the impact of lightning), all inside the metal case with content such as fuel, remains intact, without alteration or even the temperature inside the plane.

planes occurs in a similar effect as occurring on a Faraday cage, an effect discovered by the British physicist Michael Faraday in the nineteenth century.
The Faraday effect causes the electromagnetic field inside a conductor in equilibrium is zero. The same effect occurs in the center of a hollow magnet, it produces a magnetic balance, which nullifies the effect of external magnetic fields.

When an aircraft receives a ray, electric charges are for the plane's fuselage, which is reinforced by a network of cables that end in electrical arresters in the queue. This allows the passage of the plane ride out the magnetic effects of shock that can reach 300,000 volts. It's true that can cause structural damage, alter or disable the instruments, but not make them only by the lightning crashes.


a radar to detect storms.
The beam can damage the meteorological radar and leave it inoperable. The aircraft are equipped to handle this type of weather. The rays often impacting the nose of the aircraft, which is where the weather radar antenna to the aircraft indicating the presence of thunderstorms. Al
the device not being connected to ground, the beam passes through the metal of the aircraft and out the tail. In particular, output from the static dischargers are located in this part of the plane. When impact occurs, people are inside only notice a glare and a click away.

Another different question is whether a lightning strike can cause a plane crash, in which case the answer is yes. The lightning, the impact the weather radar, can leave inoperative, which means that the pilot has to go blind in the midst of turmoil. To go without radar, the aircraft can enter a storm of hail, which can get into the engines and off. Each motor has an electric generator, which immediately leave for work. Airplane

dark.
At that time, the plane is in darkness and eats batteries on board. The aircraft has a third generator, extra, located in the tail, which often go off route. The pilot can take up to five minutes to run it. Meanwhile, must try to regain control of the plane, which has been with the engines off and rushes into the void.

According to an Airbus pilot who carried out the Madrid route to Rio de Janeiro on numerous occasions: "You can not cross the intertropical front without radar and less at night. The most logical in this situation is turning around. It is a very uncomfortable to fly. You spend two hours trying to dodge the storms and watching the fuel, whether to go to the nearest airport. "In this tropical convergence zone, which fluctuates around Ecuador, air masses converge the two hemispheres. The winds can reach 200 kilometers per hour and can be accompanied by lightning and hail storms and even mini-cyclones.

The plane passing through the storms can get some lightning. It's true that can damage the structure , alter or disable the instruments, but do it crashes only by lightning. The lightning, the impact the weather radar, can leave inoperative, which means that the pilot has to go blind in the midst of turmoil, which eventually can cause an accident.

All aircraft are prepared for that if you receive rays, they affect only the surface of it, ie the outside, while moving the beam to the tail where it is unloaded. ******************************************

Related with the workings of the universe.
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